Microglia is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) as it is considered the neuroinflammation primer in MS. Several environmental and genetic risk factors possibly contribute to MS. Among them are smoking, and lung infections. Moreover, while the gut microbiome has gained the main focus regarding the ongoing research on central nervous system (CNS) and autoimmunity, a recent study suggests that a connection between the local lung microbiome and the brain, also exists, in which the microglia plays a crucial role. In this commentary, we further discuss the important findings of this study considering the lung microbiome as a modifiable environmental factor, which could provide an alternative method for prevention, management and modification in the course of diseases with autoimmune mechanisms, such as MS.
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